In this issue, following on from the previous issue, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), an innovative mechanism to pay for the environment, which is increasingly expected as a tool to minimize the trade-offs between various ecosystem services is highlighted as a challenge (3) for realizing the blessings of diverse forests in Europe. PES is expected to motivate the supply of coordination and cultural services and to bridge the trade-offs between stakeholder interests in situations where other policy measures such as regulation cannot be used, and issues related to the creation of a mechanism for PES throughout Europe are also introduced.

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