Comparing the cases of Borgotaro in Italy and Takahata Town in Japan, it was explained that one form of PES (payment for ecosystem services) called "mountain entry ticket" provides economic income to local forest owners and contributes to sustainable forest management, and also functions as a coexistence measure between local residents and urban residents. It was also emphasized that although there is a misconception that the PES scheme is limited to compensation for losses in timber production, if PES succeeds in building a market for additional services, its scale can greatly exceed that of passive PES that only compensates for losses.

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